TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 1/176 - A systematic review of the community wel…

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 2/176 - Acknowledgements

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 3/176 - Power to Change Power to Change is an in…

Power to Change Power to Change is an independent charitable trust that supports and develops community businesses in England. It works with community businesses to revive local assets, protect the services people rely on, and address local needs. Our vision is to create better places through community business. We will use our endowment to strengthen community businesses across England. This means providing money, advice and support to help local people come together to take control. At a time when many parts of the country face cuts, neglect and social problems, we want to make sure local areas survive and stay vibrant. We do so by being bold, collaborative, open and informed. Our endowment came from the Big Lottery Fund in 2015 (now The National Lottery Community Fund).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 4/176 - Abbreviations

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 5/176 - Contents

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 6/176 - Executive summary

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 7/176 - Key definitions Community wellbeing With…

Key definitions Community wellbeing Within the What Works Centre for Wellbeings Communities of Place Evidence Programme, `community wellbeing is understood as being something additional and distinct from individual wellbeing, as it concerns relational aspects between groups of people, such as social networks, trust and reciprocity, power and control. We have chosen this broad, working definition to guide our thinking:

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 8/176 - The aim of the search strategy was to id…

The aim of the search strategy was to identify the best available evidence on links between community business and wellbeing, and was developed with input from the advisory group. In January 2019 we searched the following databases for English language literature with no date restriction: CINAHL, Social Policy and Practice (covers Social Care Online and Idox), SCOPUS, Academic Search Complete, Business Source Premier.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 9/176 - Intervention

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 10/176 - findings in relation to the review quest…

findings in relation to the review questions. Details of the intervention were extracted using an adaptation of the TiDIER framework. This included an assessment of the level of community engagement or community control, using Arnsteins ladder of participation.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 11/176 - We took a staged approach to analysis of…

We took a staged approach to analysis of the findings, with the view to developing a logic model of the pathways through which community businesses can influence community wellbeing, and the potential influencing factors along this pathway.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 12/176 - � There is moderate evidence from qualit…

� There is moderate evidence from qualitative studies of positive impacts on quality of life, health, mental health, employment and volunteering.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 13/176 - Table i: Summary of findings

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 14/176 - Outcome

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 15/176 - Outcome

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 16/176 - Outcome Quality of life

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 17/176 - Outcome

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 18/176 - Outcome

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 19/176 - Outcome Risks � economic

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 20/176 - Outcome

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 21/176 - Figure i: Logic model (revised) 21

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 22/176 - In Figure i, themes highlighted in bold …

In Figure i, themes highlighted in bold represent mechanisms, influencing factors or outcomes for which the body of evidence is strong or consistent, when considered as a whole in Table i.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 23/176 - � Community businesses need to manage th…

� Community businesses need to manage the tension between becoming sustainable with ongoing income sources versus staying true to their local community vision and values.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 24/176 - We identified some evidence within the r…

We identified some evidence within the review on the potential adverse impacts of community businesses involving the transfer of assets and responsibilities from the public sector ownership to a number of individuals within a community. Future research could consider:

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 25/176 - 1. Background

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 26/176 - Community businesses often arise from wi…

Community businesses often arise from within communities in order to meet a local need and, as a result of being embedded within that community, the business may benefit from local knowledge and positive relationships which enable the business to develop. Correspondingly, the benefits to the community may be brought directly by the provision of a service or more indirectly through opportunities to volunteer and engage with others or through local economic development.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 27/176 - 1.2 Community wellbeing

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 28/176 - Drawing on a conceptual review of the li…

Drawing on a conceptual review of the literature (Atkinson et al., 2017, Atkinson et al., 2019), the Communities of Place Evidence Programme has chosen this broad working definition to guide its thinking:

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 29/176 - individual wellbeing, and social determi…

individual wellbeing, and social determinants of health and wellbeing such as local economic outcomes (e.g. employment and volunteering). In terms of measuring community wellbeing, there may be many proxy indicators used to describe it, ranging from:

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 30/176 - example, has included `social relations …

example, has included `social relations among the ten key domains of national wellbeing on the basis that:

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 31/176 - 2. Methods

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 32/176 - Selecting studies Results of the searche…

Selecting studies Results of the searches of electronic databases were de-duplicated in Endnote and uploaded to EPPIReviewer 4 systematic review management software, which was used to store information and manage each stage of the review process (Thomas, 2010). Relevant grey literature identified through other sources was added to EPPI-reviewer for screening at full paper stage.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 33/176 - Inclusion and exclusion criteria

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 34/176 - Extracting data Data from each included …

Extracting data Data from each included study were extracted into pre-designed and piloted forms on EPPIreviewer. Owing to logistical and time constraints, it was not possible to contact study authors for any unclear, missing or additional data. Data extracted included: study authors and publication date, study aims, study design, setting/country, intervention, comparator, population, outcomes and main findings in relation to the review questions. Details of the intervention were extracted using an adaptation of the TiDIER framework (Hoffmann T, 2014). This included an assessment of the level of community engagement or community control, using Arnsteins ladder of participation (Arnstein, 1969).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 35/176 - 2007, Thomas and Harden, 2008), with met…

2007, Thomas and Harden, 2008), with meta-ethnographic approaches for qualitative studies if appropriate (Noblit and Hare, 1988).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 36/176 - We used the recent primer on the GRADE a…

We used the recent primer on the GRADE approach in global health (Montgomery et al., 2019) to apply a `complexity perspective when rating the strength of the body of evidence for each outcome. This suggests modifications to the GRADE approach to take into account that randomised controlled trials are not the most feasible or even appropriate study designs being used to investigate the effects of public health interventions, and includes considerations of important dimensions of context, implementation and other potential mediators and moderators of effect. We took a staged approach to analysing the findings, with the view to developing a logic model of the pathways through which community businesses can influence community wellbeing, and the potential influencing factors along this pathway. First, from preliminary analysis of the evidence, based on initial coding and then development of thematic categories, we developed a preliminary logic model, based on a framework of inputs/processes/mechanisms and intermediate outcomes (Figure 4). This then informed the structure of the narrative synthesis. Once the narrative synthesis was drafted, we revisited the logic model to look at linkages between themes and made any necessary adjustments based on the finalised review findings. A revised logic model is presented in Results (Chapter 3).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 37/176 - Figure 4: Preliminary logic model 37

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 38/176 - 3 Results

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 39/176 - Figure 5: Study selection flow chart

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 40/176 - 3.2.1 Country The vast majority of the i…

3.2.1 Country The vast majority of the included studies (n=32) were from the UK. Of these, three included all four devolved nations, three were from Scotland, two were from England and Wales and 24 were from England alone. There were no studies from Northern Ireland or Wales alone. Other studies were from Canada (n=2), Australia (n=1), Austria and Germany (n=1), Denmark (n=1), Lithuania (n=1), the Netherlands (n=1), Sweden (n=1), and the United States of America (n=1). Two studies were across multiple countries (see Table 1 and Figure 6).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 41/176 - United States of America Multiple countr…

United States of America Multiple countries

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 42/176 - et al., 2018; Kleinhans and van Ham, 201…

et al., 2018; Kleinhans and van Ham, 2016; Kotecha et al., 2017; Lang and Roessl, 2011; Lionais, 2004; Mazzei, 2013; Murgatroyd and Smith, 1984; Sonnino and Griggs-Trevarthen, 2013; Stumbitz et al., 2018

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 43/176 - 2018, Barraket and Archer, 2010, Bedford…

2018, Barraket and Archer, 2010, Bedford and Harper, 2018, Buckley et al., 2017, Dickens et al., 2015, Henderson et al., 2018, Hibbert et al., 2003, Lang and Roessl, 2011, Lionais, 2004, Morland, 2010, Rasmussen et al., 2018, Westlund and Gawell, 2012).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 44/176 - 3.2.4 Intervention The included studies …

3.2.4 Intervention The included studies covered a wide range of intervention models and activities, from asset transfer and community development trusts, to community farms, community co-operatives, community reporting, community shops, community pubs, community libraries, arts or craft based enterprises, to community businesses that aimed to educate or train people, and/or get them back into employment.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 45/176 - The business activities featured in the …

The business activities featured in the included studies, in order of frequency, were: � Employment, education and training related activities (16 studies) (Aiken et al., 2011, Bailey, 2012, Bailey et al., 2018, Barraket and Archer, 2010, Bedford and Harper, 2018, Buckley et al., 2017, Chan, 2016, Dickens et al., 2015, Henderson et al., 2018, Kleinhans and van Ham, 2016, Lionais, 2004, Mazzei and Bradford, 2009, Mazzei, 2013, Murgatroyd and Smith, 1984, Richards et al., 2018c, Willis et al., 2017). Examples included: the enhancement of job opportunities, education and training by community control of assets � jobs associated with running the assets (e.g. a community housing association) and the activities that made it possible, and training and learning opportunities from projects linked with the assets (Aiken et al., 2011); providing employability training in horticulture and grounds maintenance, supporting the majority of participants (including many Roma residents) into work (Henderson et al., 2018); creating jobs for local residents through neighbourhood enterprise (Henderson et al., 2018); volunteering opportunities leading to enhanced employment prospects (Henderson et al., 2018).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 46/176 - � Sport and leisure related activities (…

� Sport and leisure related activities (15 studies) (Bailey, 2012, Bailey et al., 2018, Buckley et al., 2017, Henderson et al., 2018, Kleinhans and van Ham, 2016, Lang and Roessl, 2011, Lionais, 2004, Murgatroyd and Smith, 1984, Rasmussen et al., 2018, Richards et al., 2018a, Richards et al., 2018c, Richards et al., 2018d, Stumbitz et al., 2018, Westlund and Gawell, 2012, Willis et al., 2017). Examples included: a community pool being run by a community co-operative (Lang and Roessl, 2011); a systematic review of sport and leisure community businesses (Richards et al., 2018d); provision of a community health and fitness development worker (Bailey, 2012).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 47/176 - � Housing (7 studies) (Aiken et al., 201…

� Housing (7 studies) (Aiken et al., 2011, Aiken et al., 2008, Bailey, 2012, Bailey et al., 2018, Henderson et al., 2018, Lionais, 2004, Mazzei, 2013). Examples included: housing development (Lionais, 2004); housing associations leading public service reform (Henderson et al., 2018); housing co-operatives in Hulme offering a physical space for `Manchesters radical culture scene (Mazzei, 2013).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 48/176 - � Childcare provision by community organ…

� Childcare provision by community organisations (6 studies) (Bailey, 2012, Bailey, 2018, Baker et al., 2009, Bedford and Harper, 2018, Richards et al., 2018b, Stumbitz et al., 2018).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 49/176 - care and wellbeing (n=100), and `sport a…

care and wellbeing (n=100), and `sport and leisure (n=104). The fewest outcomes were reported for `village halls (n=4), `environment, nature, conservationism (n=23), `libraries (n=29), `pubs (n=23), `energy (n=34), and `finance (n=33). The qualitative synthesis found that many and various activities are run by community businesses; a common theme seems to be that they arise in response to community needs. For example, a moderate quality case study (Henderson et al., 2018) describes the variety of activities run by Glenboig Neighbourhood House (GNH) in North Lanarkshire, Scotland,:

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 50/176 - Table 3: Business models versus business…

Table 3: Business models versus business activities

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 51/176 - Study ID

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 52/176 - Study ID

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 53/176 - Study ID

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 54/176 - Table 4: Matrix of type of business acti…

Table 4: Matrix of type of business activity versus outcomes reported INDIVIDUAL level outcomes

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 55/176 - 3.2.5 Outcomes

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 56/176 - Around three of the original trustees fr…

Around three of the original trustees from the health and wellbeing working group remain on the board, which demonstrates their commitment and confidence in WHLC. When the centre first opened, commitment from local people was essential. If they had not engaged with WHLC, links with community would have been lost. The centre believes that this enthusiasm stems from the trustees sense that they are equal partners with responsibility for a large number of staff, and that they are recognised and respected and are involved in all aspects of decision-making (Richards et al., 2018c).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 57/176 - Respondents across all sectors reported …

Respondents across all sectors reported a good retention of both volunteers; the proportion remaining within businesses for over three years � Volunteers: >3 years N=48, 40 per cent.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 58/176 - the direction and development of somethi…

the direction and development of something for the benefit of everyone" (Henderson et al., 2018).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 59/176 - A related theme was the motivation for s…

A related theme was the motivation for setting up the community business in the first place. Studies mentioned `deficiencies in a local area that need to be addressed, together with the perception that other agencies are unlikely to provide solutions, as galvanising the local community to set up an organisation which can begin to provide solutions (Bailey, 2012, Bailey et al., 2018). A MQ, CS (Bailey et al., 2018) describes the establishment of a community business in England in response to a local issue:

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 60/176 - Ten studies reported on the outcome of s…

Ten studies reported on the outcome of social cohesion. The evidence came from one GQ, MME (Morley et al., 2017), two MQ, MME (Richards et al., 2018b, SERIO, 2017), one LQ, MME (Aiken et al., 2011), two MQ, CS (Henderson et al., 2018, Lang and Roessl, 2011) and two LQ, CS (Moreton et al., 2005, Murgatroyd and Smith, 1984), two MQ, QLS (Rasmussen et al., 2018, Westlund and Gawell, 2012) and one MQ, SV (Willis et al., 2017).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 61/176 - Sport was mentioned by several studies a…

Sport was mentioned by several studies as a potential cohesive force. A GQ, CS (Stumbitz et al., 2018) engaged with asylum seekers through football:

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 62/176 - � Social relations and social capital

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 63/176 - six community business areas, individual…

six community business areas, individuals were less likely to report that many of the people in their local area could be trusted. This was also true for generalised trust, with individuals living in areas surrounding the community businesses being more likely to report that you `cant be too careful in dealing with people, with the exception of one area. Few differences were observed between the areas surrounding community businesses and the matched comparison sample in terms of levels of agreement with statements about their social networks, particularly focused on neighbours, including frequency of chatting to neighbours, borrowing things and exchanging favours with neighbours, asking neighbours to collect shopping essentials, and asking neighbours to keep a set of key for emergencies. There were also few key differences observed between the community business areas and the matched comparison sample in terms of diversity of social groups. Some of these findings could be explained by reverse causation, as community businesses respond to local need, which may be seen to be greater in areas with lower levels of trust and social capital.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 64/176 - and over half of Todmorden respondents s…

and over half of Todmorden respondents stated that they purchased local food at least once a week. The same study (Morley et al., 2017) reported a mixed response from the community to changes made to the neighbourhood environment. Although some participants reported that peoples perceptions and relationship with their locality had changed for the better, and that wider perceptions about the area had improved, concerns were also expressed about gentrification of the area by some participants in this study (see `Risks and barriers):

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 65/176 - Seventeen studies reported on other comm…

Seventeen studies reported on other community wellbeing outcomes. The evidence came from two GQ, CS (Mazzei, 2013, Stumbitz et al., 2018), three MQ, CS (Henderson et al., 2018, Lang and Roessl, 2011, Lionais, 2004) and three LQ, CS (Baker et al., 2009, Hayton, 1995, Murgatroyd and Smith, 1984), four MQ, MME (Plunkett Foundation, 2018b, Richards et al., 2018b, Richards et al., 2018c, SERIO, 2017), and two LQ, MME (Aiken et al., 2008, Mazzei and Bradford, 2009), two MQ, QLS (Bedford and Harper, 2018, Westlund and Gawell, 2012), and one LQ `evaluation of unknown design (Shared Intelligence, 2014).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 66/176 - process of acquiring the asset in itself…

process of acquiring the asset in itself generated a sense of optimism and community pride. When assets had been given or transferred to a community, this was also seen as an external endorsement � a sign that their neighbourhood was seen as important (Aiken et al., 2011).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 67/176 - A LQ, MME (Aiken 2008) mentioned that as…

A LQ, MME (Aiken 2008) mentioned that assets were used to deliver a variety of activities, such as small business support, leisure, housing, retail and other locally appropriate services, and reported associated rises in community confidence, self-belief and civic pride. Another LQ, MME (Aiken et al., 2011) reported that ownership of assets gave community businesses financial independence and control, and could make an organisation and the community it served more resilient and sustainable, and give access to additional sources of funds, including bank loans.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 68/176 - "The enterprises changed peoples lives, …

"The enterprises changed peoples lives, in that people did all manner of things they hadnt expected to do � or be able to do � and gained a measure of empowerment and control" (Gordon, 2002).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 69/176 - proprieties (Aiken et al., 2011). Anothe…

proprieties (Aiken et al., 2011). Another case study mentioned real or potential financial gain from community shares, with a participant commenting:

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 70/176 - 3.2.5.2 Individual wellbeing

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 71/176 - One GQ, MME (Dewhurst, 2016) reported on…

One GQ, MME (Dewhurst, 2016) reported on quality of life; EQ-5D-5L5 results were dichotomised into no problems (i.e. level 1) and problems (i.e. levels 2 to 5). At follow-up review assessment the study found: no change in self-reported problems with mobility (walking about) at 67 per cent; an 11 per cent reduction in reported problems with self-care (washing and dressing self) from 33 to 22 per cent; a 6 per cent reduction in reported problems with performing usual activities from 56 to 50 per cent; a 6 per cent increase in self-reported levels of pain and discomfort has increased from 50 to 56 per cent, and no change in self-reported levels of anxiety and depression.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 72/176 - A moderate quality qualitative study of …

A moderate quality qualitative study of training provided to community reporters (Dickens et al., 2015) found that training built a sense of solidarity with other community reporters and legitimacy:

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 73/176 - women (Richards et al., 2018d) and peopl…

women (Richards et al., 2018d) and people who saw themselves as physically unfit (Rasmussen et al., 2018). The authors of a LQ, MME of community pubs reported that:

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 74/176 - In a LQ, MME (Malfait et al., 2018) 86 p…

In a LQ, MME (Malfait et al., 2018) 86 per cent of survey respondents `strongly agreed or `agreed that coming to the project `...helped me to take better care of my mental or emotional health, while 76 per cent `strongly agreed or `agreed that coming to the project `... helped me manage difficult emotions and feelings like anger, depression or anxiety. Seventy per cent `strongly agreed or `agreed that coming to the project `... reduced or helped me cope with any feelings about hurting myself.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 75/176 - participation in connection with health …

participation in connection with health activities. It can be considered as both a mechanism and an outcome, because a perception exists among front-line workers that engaging with other people is connected to healthier lifestyle choices: "... meeting other people, having a life that is somehow meaningful, and it may be that you meet other people at some activity, and then the other things tend to get included along the way, like the [lifestyle factors], I mean the things about your food, that we make sure we eat a bit and things like that" (Front-line worker 3, Rasmussen et al., 2018).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 76/176 - meet, either informally or through activ…

meet, either informally or through activities that they run. Community transport was another way of facilitating social connections (Kotecha et al., 2017, Moreton et al., 2005).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 77/176 - In a LQ, MME of an organic co-operative …

In a LQ, MME of an organic co-operative (Seyfang, 2007), 76 per cent of survey respondents reported that they were motivated to purchase from the business because they liked to know where their food has come from and 25 per cent specifically liked the face-to-face contact with growers. Eighty-four per cent said they chose the business because of a commitment to supporting local farmers, 65 per cent said keeping money circulating in the local economy was a motivation and 36 per cent wanted to preserve local traditions and heritage through supporting the business. Ninetyfour per cent bought from the business because they believed local and organic food was better for the environment, i.e. they felt better about their impact on the planet.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 78/176 - A LQ, CS reported opening an information…

A LQ, CS reported opening an information and development centre to provide a focal point for the unemployed, with a welfare counselling service, and assistance for people interested in selfemployment or setting up co-operatives (Murgatroyd and Smith, 1984).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 79/176 - A MQ, CS (Bailey et al, 2018) reported t…

A MQ, CS (Bailey et al, 2018) reported that key benefits of being financially self-sustaining compared to receiving grants were increased flexibility and independence. One case study business, an organic food co-operative, produced in one year organic produce with a value of just over �45,000, distributing it with nearly �70,000 worth of produce from small-scale organic growers and wholesalers. The box scheme also grew by 30 per cent that year. One of the cases had a maximum threshold for annual profit, beyond which they would have to pay taxes. In most businesses, income from renting out rooms flowed back into the business.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 80/176 - A MQ, MME (Richards, 2018a) reported tha…

A MQ, MME (Richards, 2018a) reported that just over half of all the community businesses which had paid staff (N=53, 54 per cent) stated that their number of employees had increased in the last year, while almost a third (N=31, 31 per cent) had stayed the same. Interestingly, most of the sport and leisure sector community businesses reported an increase in the number of paid staff in the last year (N=13, 76 per cent), although there was no clear indication for the reason for this increase. Respondents across all sectors reported a good retention of staff with a high proportion remaining within businesses for over three years (Paid staff: >3 years N=65, 66 per cent).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 81/176 - being solely dependent on one source, wh…

being solely dependent on one source, which could assist in the longer-term sustainability of their business.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 82/176 - � Placation was assigned to five studies…

� Placation was assigned to five studies (Bailey et al., 2018, Gordon, 2002, Hayton, 1995, Lionais, 2004, Murgatroyd and Smith, 1984).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 83/176 - Arnsteins ladder of participation is a g…

Arnsteins ladder of participation is a guide to who has power to make decisions. It was initially developed to describe the distribution of power in political and economic processes, but has since been adapted to a number of fields. Moving from the bottom to the top rungs, actors are more involved in decision making processes and gain more power to, firstly, influence and then make decisions. Rungs 1�2 are seen as nonparticipation, 3�5 as limited or token participation, and 6�8 as citizens gaining control.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 84/176 - Funding Many of the included studies rep…

Funding Many of the included studies reported more than one source of funding, whether concurrently, as start-up or over time, and in other studies the source of funding was unclear. Where reported, funding sources were distributed as follows:

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 85/176 - Financial self-sustainability included s…

Financial self-sustainability included securing long term contracts (e.g. NHS and local authority), staff and volunteer skill sets and roles managing resources, and diversifying income streams. The following quote is from a case study attached to a moderate quality mixed methods evaluation:

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 86/176 - Values Core values, vision or `mission, …

Values Core values, vision or `mission, as described in the included studies, were mentioned by several community businesses as being very important, and these were usually related to social justice, community cohesion and social capital (SERIO, 2017, Bailey et al., 2018, Baker et al., 2009, Buckley et al., 2017, Dickens et al., 2015), or to nature conservation and environmental issues (Buckley et al., 2017, Sonnino and Griggs-Trevarthen, 2013), or both (Morley et al., 2017).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 87/176 - Other studies reported that the values u…

Other studies reported that the values underpinning the community businesses did not always represent the views of the whole community and sometimes this could cause tension. For example, one GQ, MME of a community growing enterprise (Morley et al., 2017) reported local resistance to change and a noticeable division between longer-term residents and `incomers. The free text responses to the survey highlighted some of these negative perceptions, including:

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 88/176 - limits to the extent to which this devel…

limits to the extent to which this development model can expand. Simply stated, these clusters of social enterprises cannot grow to be bigger than the community of volunteers and of "committed customers" on which they depend for their daily operations as well as for their financial survival (Sonnino and Griggs-Trevarthen, 2013).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 89/176 - The origins of community businesses were…

The origins of community businesses were often closely linked to their core values and many mentioned starting with small groups of active residents (for example Bailey et al., 2018, a MQ, CS). Key individuals were seen as important in one LQ, MME (Aiken et al., 2011) � such as founder, board member or staff member. The study authors stated that `their responses underlined the need for a lead with passionate vision, an entrepreneurial approach, perseverance and long term commitment (Aiken et al., 2011).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 90/176 - Needs orientation Twenty studies reporte…

Needs orientation Twenty studies reported on the outcome of `community needs identified. The evidence came from two GQ, CS (Mazzei, 2013, Stumbitz et al., 2018), on MQ, QLS (Bedford and Harper, 2018), four MQ, MME (Richards et al., 2018b, Richards et al., 2018c, Richards et al., 2018d, SERIO, 2017), two MQ, CS (Henderson et al., 2018, Lionais, 2004), five LQ, MME (Aiken et al., 2008, Aiken et al., 2011, Malfait and Scott-Flynn, 2018, Mazzei and Bradford, 2009, Seyfang, 2007), five LQ, CS (Bailey, 2012, Bailey et al., 2018, Baker et al., 2009, Gordon, 2002, Murgatroyd and Smith, 1984) and one LQ evaluation of unclear design (Shared Intelligence, 2014).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 91/176 - closure of a local bookshop that led to …

closure of a local bookshop that led to the creation of a community bookshop and hub (Buckley et al., 2017). The businesses involved in this study were all:

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 92/176 - mental health services (Malfait and Scot…

mental health services (Malfait and Scott-Flynn, 2018). One LQ, CS cautioned that whilst providing services may benefit local residents, such businesses are often of marginal viability in terms of net economic impact � although they can help to recycle and retain residents income within the estate. New start businesses, although of more limited relevance to residents in terms of service provision, may attract new wealth into the area (Hayton, 1995). Stakeholders interviewed in a MQ, MME of community managed libraries (CMLs) commented that CMLs were much better placed (than previous local authority run models) to engage with local communities and tailor their services to the needs of their individual communities:

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 93/176 - A LQ, CS (Bailey, 2012) reported that co…

A LQ, CS (Bailey, 2012) reported that community enterprises struggle to secure adequate funding for revenue and running costs and for capital investment. They stated that `perhaps the greatest organisational challenge facing community enterprises is to balance the need for continuity with the ability to innovate and change to address new circumstances.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 94/176 - well as being expensive to maintain in t…

well as being expensive to maintain in the longer term. Some (particularly buildings with a symbolic heritage value) came with planning restrictions attached. While the argument for or against acquisition would need to be considered on a case-by-case basis, one view was that the responsibility for preserving heritage should not lie with the local community alone. Case study participants reported that although they received support during the acquisition of the asset, there was little support available once the asset had been transferred. The study authors mentioned that location was important, with more affluent areas having potentially greater access to professional skills and commercial markets, but less likely to be seen as a priority by grant-makers.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 95/176 - A GQ, QLS reported a perceived lack of e…

A GQ, QLS reported a perceived lack of expertise of board members and other key stakeholders in relation to the business plan that they were required to develop (Kleinhans and van Ham, 2016).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 96/176 - Because of the time required and the dep…

Because of the time required and the dependency on certain individuals with key skills, there are dangers of both `burn-out and difficulties of succession. Individuals can overidentify with the organisation and feel that their way of doing things is the only way. On the other hand, experience and professional skills are valuable and need to be retained where ever possible (Bailey, 2012).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 97/176 - Community engagement Community engagemen…

Community engagement Community engagement seemed to be a potential mechanism leading to impact of community businesses on community wellbeing in six included studies: one GQ, MME(Morley et al., 2017), one MQ, MME (Richards et al., 2018a), one LQ, MME (Aiken et al., 2011) and three LQ, CS (Bailey, 2012, Baker et al., 2009, Murgatroyd and Smith, 1984).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 98/176 - While the fabric of the building is bein…

While the fabric of the building is being transformed, almost beyond recognition from the decaying factory it was two years ago, the meetings of local residents that originally attracted upwards of a hundred people have dwindled to a hard core of only a few, supporting the energetic commitment of the site controller, himself a member of the original group and a former local councillor (Murgatroyd and Smith, 1984). Community-owned assets or buildings were perceived to be important vehicles for community engagement, for both young and old, with some participants claiming that their building had helped them engage community members that they had not been able to reach before. The following extracts from a LQ, MME by Aiken et al. (2011) shows the importance of the physical space to engage different groups of people: Assets had provided an opportunity to run more services for young people, which meant they � the young people � had access to activities on the doorstep, rather than having to depend on poor and infrequent public transport to get into town. They also felt that young people were more likely to use community-owned buildings. As one participant said: "Security in council buildings can create a tension. They dont feel they belong there." (Aiken et al., 2011). In the same LQ, MME (Aiken et al., 2011), community engagement was perceived to be a potential difficulty for smaller organisations. The authors wrote:

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 99/176 - Eight studies reported the importance of…

Eight studies reported the importance of buildings as assets to improve community wellbeing, mostly through acting as hubs for activities or as places to meet. These were: two MQ, MME (Richards et al., 2018d, SERIO, 2017), one MQ, CS (Bailey et al., 2018), two LQ, MME (Aiken et al., 2008, Aiken et al., 2011) and three LQ, CS (Gordon, 2002, Moreton et al., 2005, Sonnino and GriggsTrevarthen, 2013).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 100/176 - Community control of assets not only all…

Community control of assets not only allowed the organisations running them to expand their services. In addition, buildings and land provided the space and facilities for other local community groups to develop their activities, allowing them to reach more people and sometimes bringing them extra income. It also provided local facilities for other service providers to use, giving residents better access to externally provided services and information, and providing opportunities for more co-ordination between external agencies. Participants found that they were taken more seriously by external agencies, which increased their bargaining power and provided opportunities for new partnerships embedded in the local community (Aiken et al., 2011).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 101/176 - Harper, 2018), three MQ, CS (Bailey et a…

Harper, 2018), three MQ, CS (Bailey et al., 2018, Buckley et al., 2017, Henderson et al., 2018), four MQ, MME (Richards et al., 2018b, Richards et al., 2018c, Richards et al., 2018d, SERIO, 2017), two LQ, QLS (Aiken et al., 2008, Juska et al., 2006), four LQ, CS (Baker et al., 2009, Hayton, 1995, Murgatroyd and Smith, 1984, Sonnino and Griggs-Trevarthen, 2013), one LQ, MME (Seyfang, 2007) and one LQ evaluation of unclear design (Shared Intelligence, 2014).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 102/176 - available at the time that a business ac…

available at the time that a business actively begins to deliver interventions is crucial in shaping their development. Most rely on local networks which can be either informal networks of relations among community members and stakeholders or `thematic networks. Local support also comes from the level of endorsement given by public authorities during business start-up phase.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 103/176 - "We have learned that partnership workin…

"We have learned that partnership working and pulling on the strengths of each organisation is more beneficial in the long run. Our relationship is based on a mutual trust: we communicate and meet regularly, are open and provide information or reports which are mutually beneficial to one another" (Henderson et al., 2018).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 104/176 - reflected in their representation on the…

reflected in their representation on the board. The presence of significant employers on the board encouraged other businesses to engage in the programme as they were confident that it was helping to prepare a valuable workforce. The community business in this study also worked with local schools providing alternative vocational opportunities for education.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 105/176 - which included workshops and training/ad…

which included workshops and training/advisory services for business starters in a small village (Murgatroyd and Smith, 1984).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 106/176 - activity does carry a cost for the commu…

activity does carry a cost for the community business (i.e. loss of revenue from room hire, time spent doing collaboration). In terms of sustainability, understanding the hidden costs associated with collaborations in the community would be useful.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 107/176 - 3.3 Summary of findings The strength of …

3.3 Summary of findings The strength of the evidence for each outcome across all included studies in each intervention category was assessed using GRADE and CERQual principles,

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 108/176 - Outcome Social relations

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 109/176 - Outcome

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 110/176 - Outcome

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 111/176 - Outcome Civic participation Employment V…

Outcome Civic participation Employment Volunteering

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 112/176 - Outcome

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 113/176 - Outcome Building collaborations

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 114/176 - Outcome

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 115/176 - 3.4 Logic model (revised) 115

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 116/176 - In Figure 7, themes highlighted in bold …

In Figure 7, themes highlighted in bold represent mechanisms, influencing factors or outcomes for which the body of evidence, when considered as a whole in the summary of findings table (Table 4), is strong or consistent. The logic model was revised to reflect further development of the thematic analysis during the production of a narrative account. This moved the logic model from a map of component themes to a more explanatory account that fit better with the data. The key area of development was around mechanisms and intermediate outcomes and the linkages revealed by the synthesis process that arose during the narrative synthesis process, and those mechanisms or outcomes for which there was strong confidence in the evidence were highlighted in bold. These were:

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 117/176 - 4. Discussion

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 118/176 - The synthesis and logic model indicated …

The synthesis and logic model indicated three main mechanisms by which community businesses impact on wellbeing outcomes:

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 119/176 - and volunteer groups, but the level of s…

and volunteer groups, but the level of support given and nature of the relationship was limited by austerity measures, and that without support the viability of the asset transfer relies on financial and social capital among volunteer groups, which is unevenly distributed. All of these themes were also seen in our review, suggesting that they are not limited to the leisure sector.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 120/176 - ladder of participation (Arnstein, 1969)…

ladder of participation (Arnstein, 1969) to characterise the level of community involvement, but found that many studies did not report enough detail for us to assign a level, and also that some of the levels were not relevant, with most of our included studies clustering around the `citizen control upper section of the ladder. This may simply reflect an increased likelihood of community-led businesses to be explicit about this aspect of their strategy, and it may be that the majority of studies that did not report their level of participation had lower levels of community control, but there may also be other explanations.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 121/176 - involvement of organisation members in t…

involvement of organisation members in the governance of the enterprise (Pearce, 2003, Tracey et al., 2005).

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 122/176 - Power to Change has suggested that `Comm…

Power to Change has suggested that `Community businesses increase net employment by hiring people who would otherwise struggle to access the labour market, in jobs that allow them to develop the skills they need to progress. 1. Our review found that skills development was one of the three prominent mechanisms by which community businesses impact on community wellbeing; not just by employing and training people `on the job but by:

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 123/176 - 4.2.5 What makes a strong community busi…

4.2.5 What makes a strong community business?

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 124/176 - economic impact they can have, evidencin…

economic impact they can have, evidencing it more effectively and focusing on concepts of social value and economic resilience. Our review provides further evidence of the value provided by community businesses, by their impacts on individual, community and organisational wellbeing.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 125/176 - It is important to note that absence of …

It is important to note that absence of evidence does not equal evidence of absence of effect. The finding that there is limited evidence for some outcomes suggests that more robust research needs to be done.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 126/176 - of factors that may influence the impact…

of factors that may influence the impact of community businesses. Our past experience of similar reviews (e.g. Bagnall et al., 2018) suggested that the type and volume of information necessary to carry out a formal assessment of the impact of context would not be found in the identified research and non-research evidence. In this earlier review, we attempted to use the CICI framework (Pfadenhauer et al., 2017) but found that it was very resource intensive and most of the fields were left blank due to lack of information reported in the included studies. In that earlier review, we also made an assessment of how transferable the setting and intervention was to the UK setting. We intended to do the same in this review but found that as more than half of the studies were from the UK, this was not needed. We did use an adapted version of the TiDiER framework (Hoffman et al., 2014) to extract as much detail as possible on the interventions, which was helpful for the data synthesis. In the future, making use of a predesigned tool, such as the CICI framework, would help a greater understanding of the impact of the interactions between broader social contexts, implementation processes, and intervention settings on the success or failure of community businesses. Such work would require the data to be reported and the chosen tool to be sufficiently adapted/adaptable to the available evidence, however. The UK bias in the included studies is unusual and in part may reflect the extensive website searching for unpublished literature, although this has not happened in our previous reviews. It may reflect the strong history of community development and grassroots organising in the UK. For this review, commissioned by UK organisations to inform UK policy and practice, this `bias is welcome, but it may limit transferability of the findings to non-UK contexts. The review was limited to English language studies, which may have led to some relevant studies published in other languages being missed. Ideally, we would have contacted study authors for missing information but we were not able to do this due to time constraints.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 127/176 - 5. Conclusions and recommendations

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 128/176 - � More facilitation and support is requi…

� More facilitation and support is required around asset transfer and ownership to help community businesses consider whether it is feasible for them and, if so, to find the right model.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 129/176 - provide services (including their long-t…

provide services (including their long-term viability in the context of austerity and the growing privatisation of service provision)? � Whether small community organisations are sufficiently equipped and resourced to replace large public service providers (including funding; governance; professionalism/values underpinning work; PPI; skills, training, professional development, support and experience; cross-organisation, cross-discipline, crosssector working), and how this may impact on the health and wellbeing of their staff and the communities they serve? � The wider democratic and community empowerment implications of transfers (including how representative and accountable they are), and the how this may impact on the health and wellbeing of communities in the long term?

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 130/176 - References

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 131/176 - GORDON, M. 2002. The contribution of the…

GORDON, M. 2002. The contribution of the community cooperatives of the highlands and islands of Scotland to the development of the social economy. Journal of Rural Cooperation, 30, 95� 117.

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MCHARDY, M. & OSULLIVAN, E. 2004. First Nations community well-being in Canada: The community well-being index (CWB), 2001. Ottawa: Strategic research and analysis directorate, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada.

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RYMSZA, M. 2015. The role of social enterprises in shaping social bonds. International Journal of Social Economics, 42 (9), 830�840.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 134/176 - Appendix 1 Search strategy

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 135/176 - Appendix 2 Websites searched

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 136/176 - Happy City Health Empowerment Leverage P…

Happy City Health Empowerment Leverage Project (HELP) Health Foundation HERE + NOW Heritage Lottery Fund HM Government Inspiring Impact Institute for Voluntary Action Research Institute of Health Equity International Labour Organization Joseph Rowntree Foundation Lancaster University � Centre for Health Inequalities Research Landscape Institute Liverpool and Lancaster Universities Collaboration for Public Health Research Lloyds Bank Foundation Local Government Association Local Trust Locality London School of Economics � Personal Social Services Research Unit National Council for Voluntary Organisations (NCVO)

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 137/176 - Redrow

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 138/176 - 138

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 139/176 - Appendix 3 Validity assessment checklist…

Appendix 3 Validity assessment checklists

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 140/176 - Is the setting for data collection justi…

Is the setting for data collection justified? Is it is clear what methods were used to collect data? (e.g. focus group, semi-structured interview)? Has the researcher justified the methods chosen? Has the researcher made the process of data collection explicit (e.g. for interview method, is there an indication of how interviews were conducted, or did they use a topic guide)? If methods were modified during the study, has the researcher explained how and why? Is the form of data clear (e.g. tape recordings, video material, notes)?

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 141/176 - Has the researcher critically examined t…

Has the researcher critically examined their own role, potential bias and influence during (a) formulation of the research questions, and (b) data collection, including sample recruitment and choice of location?

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 142/176 - 2. Quantitative randomised controlled tr…

2. Quantitative randomised controlled trials 1.1 Is randomisation appropriately performed? 1.2 Are the groups comparable at baseline? 1.3 Are there complete outcome data? 1.4 Are outcome assessors blinded to the intervention provided? 1.5 Did the participants adhere to the assigned intervention?

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 143/176 - .2 Are the different components of the s…

.2 Are the different components of the study effectively integrated to answer the research question?

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 144/176 - 2.3 Were the post-intervention variables…

2.3 Were the post-intervention variables that influenced selection likely to be influenced by the outcome or a cause of the outcome?

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 145/176 - 6.1 Could the outcome measure have been …

6.1 Could the outcome measure have been influenced by knowledge of the intervention received?

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 146/176 - Appendix 4 List of included studies

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 147/176 - KLEINHANS, R. & VAN HAM, M. 2016. The su…

KLEINHANS, R. & VAN HAM, M. 2016. The support paradox in community enterprise experiments in the Netherlands. IZA Discussion Papers, No. 9625. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). KLEINHANS, R. & VAN HAM, M. 2017. The support paradox in community enterprise experiments in the Netherlands. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 31(4), 570�589.

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SERIO. 2017. Final report. Research and analysis to explore the service effectiveness and sustainability of community managed libraries in England. Plymouth: SERIO. SEYFANG, G. 2007. Growing sustainable consumption communities: The case of local organic food

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 149/176 - � Jubilee Park Woodhall Spa Ltd � Origin…

� Jubilee Park Woodhall Spa Ltd � Origin Sports � Projekts MCR � Stocksbridge Community Leisure Centre � Timperley sports club

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 150/176 - Appendix 5 List of excluded studies

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 151/176 - MACKINNON, J., REID, M. & KEARNS, A. 200…

MACKINNON, J., REID, M. & KEARNS, A. 2006. Communities and health improvement: a review of evidence and approaches. Edinburgh: Health Scotland.

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 152/176 - organisations controlling assets. Volunt…

organisations controlling assets. Voluntas, 27, 1669�1993. AMIN, A., CAMERON, A. & HUDSON, R. 1999. Welfare as work? The potential of the UK social

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 153/176 - emerging community business sector. Lond…

emerging community business sector. London: Social Finance, TRACEY, P., PHILLIPS, N. & HAUGH, H. 2005. Beyond philanthropy: Community enterprise as a basis

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 154/176 - Appendix 6 Validity assessment

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 155/176 - Lang 2011

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 156/176 - Mixed Methods studies (MMAT)

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 157/176 - Appendix 7 Table of included studies

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 158/176 - Bailey 2012

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 159/176 - Baker 2009

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 160/176 - Bedford 2018

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 161/176 - Buckley 2017

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 162/176 - Dewhurst 2016

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 163/176 - Gordon 2002 UK (Scotland)

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 164/176 - Newcastle upon Tyne)

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 165/176 - Hibbert 2003 UK (Scotland)

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 166/176 - Kotecha 2017

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 167/176 - Mazzei 2009 UK (England) Mixed methods

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 168/176 - Moreton 2005

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 169/176 - Murgatroyd 1984

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 170/176 - Plunkett Foundation 2018b shops

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 171/176 - Richards 2018b CH

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 172/176 - Richards 2018c H&WB

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 173/176 - SERIO 2017

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 174/176 - Shared Intelligence 2014

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 175/176 - Westlund 2012

TPR-2020-05-A systematic review of the community wellbeing impact of community business.pdf - page 176/176 - matched control area)